Clear and pigmented oil-in-water resin emulsions containing pentaerythritol alkyd resins



United States Patent CLEAR AND PIGMENTED orr-iN-wArnn RESIN EMULSIONS CONTAINING PENTAERYTI-IRITOL ALKYD RESINS a Laszlo Auer, South Orange, N.J., assignor to J. R. Geigy,

S.A., Basel, Switzerland, a corporation of Switzerland N0 Drawing. Application June 14, 1954 I SerialNo. 436,692

GENERAL OUTLINE OF INVENTION The general. drawback of pigment printing colors .on

textiles is their crocking. Crocking is marking off by abrasion to an unprinted and not dyed portion of the fabric, or to fabricin general. The crocking of pigment colors is theirmain drawback, which prevents increase in their use of coloring textiles. Also, the washability and dry cleaning resistance of pigment colored fabrices requires improvement, particularly if high temperatures of curing is to be avoided. Textile plants have low two reasons why there was no oil-in-water type printing color on the market prior to this invention and its parent cases: (1) emulsifying agents which are suitable to "propressure steam available and for curing or thermosetting L the amino a'ldehyde resins (which are usual components duce oil-in-water emulsions and the necessary protective colloids, which secure stability, both reduce the washability of pigment prints. Present day binders do not take such reduction successfully. (2) Ifthe'sarne quantity of pigment color is dispersed in an oil-in-water emulsion color concentrate and in a water-in-oil concentrate, and both are reduced in varying proportions with clear cutback emulsions, the wate'r-in-oil emulsion printing colors I take more reduction to yield a certain shade, than oil-inwater emulsions. The reason is probably explained by the fact that most pigments are hydrophobic and organophilic,

flush into the oil phase, and if the color bearing oil phase is the continuous phaseof the emulsion, better mileage is obtained, pound for pound for colors. As the pigment colors are the most expensive ingredient of printing emulsion colors, economic factors excluded up to now the use ofoil-in-water emulsions for printing, whereas they are used regularly for pigment padding, to obtain solid shades.

In my application Serial No. 91,009, filed May 2, 1949, now US. PatentNo. 2,637,621, and in my co-pending application Serial No. 196,724, filed November 20, 1950,

now US. Patent 2,681,322, various improvements are described relating to improved oil-in-water resin emulsion pigment printing colors, particularly with regard to selected resin binders and compositions which show advantages in the art. In my application Serial No. 169,791, filed June 22, 1950, now 'U.S. Patent No. 2,637,711, a special composition is described, which shows improvements and advantages in the art of oil -in-water resin L emulsion pigment printing. In my application Serial No.

"ice

180,700, filed August 21, 1950, now US. Patent No. 2,637,705, improvements are described in the extender pastes and in oil-in-water resin emulsion pigment printing. In my co-pending application Serial No. 352,958,.filed May 4, 1953, improvements are described in the method of preparing oil-in-water resin emulsion pigmentprinting colors and in my co-pending application Serial No. 352,- 959, filed May 4, 1953, improvements are .describedin the extender pastes used in oil-in-water resin emulsion pigment printing. The instant case is a continuation in part of my said co-pending applications Serial Nos. 196,724, 352,958 and 352,959, and of my said applications Serial Nos. 91,009, 169,791 and 180,700, Withwhich the first-mentioned three were eo-pending. i

In accordance with this invention, improvement is achieved in making oil-in-water resin emulsion pigment colors using a special type of Alkyd resin in combination with an organic solvent soluble 'amino-aldehyderesi'n as the resin binder. The special alkyd resin contains (a) as the polyhydric alcohol component, 50-100% of a pentaerythritol based on the total of said polyhydric alcohol-component, (b) a polybasicacid, such as phthalic anhydride, and (c) a poly-unsaturated fatty acid, which latter component is at least 50%, and not more than 65%, of said alkyd resin. The alkyd resin is advantageously in the emulsion polymerized state. The organic solvent soluble amino-aldehyde resin is in the proportion of at least 5%, and not more than based on. the quantity of the alkyd resin present in the composition.

By the use of the resin binders of this application, advantages result in faster solidifying binders, increased toughness and better aging qualities of the prints obtained. Further, prints or dyeings obtained by the composition of this invention have improved resistance to crocking, to laundering and to dry cleaning. Details with regard to selection of pigments, proportions and inter-relationship of the various ingredients, such as resins, pigments, surface active agents (pigment dispersing agents and emulsifying agents), and protective colloids, will be specified further below.

T 0 prepare such emulsions, the alkyd resins of this invention are advantageously bodied to a relatively heavy viscosity and then emulsified, in the presence or absence of solvents, such as hydrocarbon solvents. The dispersed phase of such emulsions is the alkyd resin.

In the case of emulsion polymerization, the dispersed phase particles of such emulsions are then aggregated by employing hydrogen peroxide, or in other known ways. (Emulsion polymerization is described in patent applica tion Serial No. 739,945, filed April 7, 1947, now U.S. Patent 2,530,370, with Which the above-mentioned Serial No. 91,009 was co-pending.) The degree of aggregation of the dispersed particles in situ is such as to render the emulsion highly sensitive to the action of air when spread in thin films and thereby provide for the formation of a coherent solid film immediately upon demulsification of the emulsion. Advantageously the pH value of the emulsion is retained within certain limits duling the ag gregation treatment. Improved results are obtained by the treated emulsions of this specification if .the increase in oxygen content of the solidified fatty acid esters is kept low, when compared with the oxygen content of the same esters beforeemulsificationand emulsion aggregation.

A further aspect of the improvement of this invention embodies a special pigment dispersion, the composition and preparation of which is described below. By this special dispersion, improved color yield can be obtained. i

A still further feature of the improvement of this invention is the provision of a special clear extender emulsion which further improves the color yield.

3. ALKYD RESINS Typical of the oils, the fatty acids of which may form the esters used in this process are as follows:

Segregated fatty acids from the above oils which have Phthalic acid Maleic acid Succinic acid Malic acid Tartaric acid Fu-maricacid Citric acid Adipic acid Sebacic acid Azelaic acid 7 i i Suberic acid, etc. or anhydrides of such acids, also Carbic anhydride The alkyd resins of this invention may be further modified by styrenating them.

The resin component of this invention contains in addition to the alkyd resin herein described an organic solvent soluble aminoalldehyde resin. Such amino-aldehyde resins are, for instance, condensation products of urea'or melamine, or of alkylated or 'etherified urea or melamine with aldehyde, such as formaldehyde. Other amino=aldehyde resins which are known in the art which are solvent soluble may also be incorporated.

Commercial examples of organic solvent soluble amino-aldehyde resins are as follows: 1

- Manufacturer Trade Name Solids 7 Solventl Uformite F158 Xylol-Propanol (3:7).

Ufonnite F200E- 50 Xylol-Butanol (1:1). Uformite F210- 50 1 D0. 7 Uformite F266 50 Oapryl-Alcohol-Butanol.

Uformite F223- 50 Xylol-Butanol (1:134). Rohm & Haas Co. (Resmous Prod- Uformite F240... 60 Do.

nets Div.) Uformite F240N 60 High Flash Naptha. UformlteMM-46 60 Xylol-Butanol lzl). Uformite MM 50 Xylol-Butanol 1:4). Uformite MM-55HV.-.. 50 Xylol-Butanol lzQ). Uformlte MU-56 50 Xylol-Butanol 1:3). Uformite MX-fil Xylol-Butanol (1:1). Uformite M-3l1. 50 X 01. Beckamine 3520.; 50 Xylol-Butanol. Beckamine P138.- 60 Do. J Relehhold Ohenneals, Inc Beckamine 19-196.- 60 Butanol-Ethanol.

BeckamlneP-IQS Accelerator Beckarnine P-354 50' Xylol-Butanol. Beetle 212-9 60 Butanol-octyl Alcohol-Petroleum Aromatlc. Y Beetle 216-8--- 60 Xylol-Butanol. Beetle 2198..- 50v Do. Beetle 220-8--- 50 Do. American cyanamld 0o Beetle 227-s so Do. Beetle 230-8--- 50 Do. Melmac 243-3- 60 Do. Melmac 2458- 50 D0. 7 Melmac 247-10 60 Butanol. v Melmae 248-8. 55 Xylol-Butanol. Resimene 875.. 50 Butauol-Xylol. Resimene 876.. 50 Do. Reslmene 877.. 5O Butauol-Mineral Spirits. esimene 2Z8 50 guganol-gutiyll Oellosolve. esimene 1.. t 60 11 am y o Monsanto ohemwals 00 Resimene 882" Kym Resimeue 883.. 60 Butyl Cellosolve-Mlnetal Y Spirits. Resimene U901-- 5O Butanol-Xylol. Resimene U920-- .60 Do. (Plaskon-Barrett 131v.) Allied Ohemi- Plaskon 3332 55 Xylol-Butanol. cal & Dye Corp. 7

increased content in poly-unsaturated fatty acids may also be used with advantage.

The following polyhydn'c alcohols are suitable for producing esters with the above fatty acids: Glycerin Pentaerythritol Mannitol Sorbitol Alcohols formed by the condensation of bis-phenol and epichlorhydrin Certa n polyglyc ols, amongst others The esters of this inventioncontain in all cases at least 50% of pentaerythritol as the poly-hydric alcohol component. 7 r

To form the fatty acid modified alkyd resinsof this mventiom'the following polycarboxylic acids and their anhydrides maybe used:

the group of synthetic fattyacids. Any appropriate mix- '.ture or combination of members ofthe above class .of

fatty acids may be used. The better drying the fatty oil is,'fron1 which the fatty acids are derived, the more suitable they'are for the present process. 1- have found that .at least some of the fatty acids in the alkydresin com: ponent of this invention should preferably contain more than one double bond in the molecule. These fatty'acids H at a a t iIllIllY wa gregatuig agent, I shall refer to the oxygen which is suitab e n. Pro ess as ia t vwx e t an i v that w V of this a ctiv e oxygen are most probably electrically charged. I

I can obtain my active oxygen in various ways. (1) I may s arsrpxida such a =1 met p ro e o h oge xide, or. an org anic'peroxideito supply my active oxygen to my emulsions. (2) I may blow oxygen or aaoxy sn tainixi a Su as a hr u hmysm s i Imav et p i's hwh s pr m in th wate Pha e of m sm dn a abs r d x n.

Application of heat accelerates the action of the oxygen Usually temperatures between 50 C. and'80 C. are usefulfor such acceleration. Agitation of the emulsion also acceleratesthe process. i In case p eroxides are usediandrixygenis liberated in s'itu, further activation ,by agitation land/ or heat is not a necessary requirement and the aggregation may be carried out in a satisfactqryway at roorn temperature and even at ,temperatures'lower than room temperature. i The concentration ofthe emulsion influences therajte pfjreaction The.l%to 20% non-volatile containing "e ulsions will produpe solidified particles faster than a i l'd content e'riiul sion. Very. satisfactory results darbund50% non-volatile content. I .Advantageous pHlimits One of thejimportant critelions of my"process is the pH ofthe emulsion." I found that it is irnportantto have critical pHli'mits to carryout my process satisfaetorily. I found that the reaction is extremely slow with a pH of 7 andther e is a very slpw range from about a pHof .7 to about Sil 1 he lrangeis very active below 5.7, such as for-instanc i'the neighb'orhood of pH 'of2:.8 and also abov'8f4, 'fdr I instance in theregion of pH- of "10.5 'and higher. In other words," the reaction is greatly accelerated by the pH values below 5.7; or above 8.4. However, formany purposes, ifworking on the alkaline side, I found it to be advantageous to have a pH of at least 910, and if working on the acid side, to have a pH which does not exceed 4. 3 i r r i It has been found that metallic driers are accelerating the emulsion aggregation process particularly in such cases in which the aggregation is carried out in an alkaline "medium. Therefore, ifmetallic driers are desired to be present in thefatty acid esters, it'is ofadvantage to work on' the alkaline side. However, if the absence of metallic driers is desired,-a conversion in an emulsion on the acidside is more desirablea- Further, it may be mentioned that conversion on the acid side is advantageous if a constant'pH is desired. In case of emulsion aggregation on the alkaline side, the pH generally changes insofar'as itg'radually'becomes lower. i

In the. illustrative examples of this specification, the process will be demonstrated-on emulsions which are on the alkaline side of the pH range. This is meant to illustrate theprocess only and not to limit same. L

i Oxygen supplying agents As mentioned further above, if other reaction conditionsare propen the oxygen content of the water, present intheernulsion, may be'satisfactory.

Oxy ay be u p qfto. hssmu i n is formvf x e sa r y sni m ei in s s 91 s y bubbling through the emulsion such gases or by intrdducillg h mby"kuownmeans. Ozone may also be used. To produce oxygen in situ peroxides or other per-compounds maybe used. In most of the examples, hydrogen peroxide is used to illustrate the addition of per-compounds. However, other peroxides may. also be used,

such as sodium peroxide, bariumperoxide, magnesium iflsh uld o b lsin t i r s n f x 't fl et -;In my process. thefloxygen content of the emulsified fatty tacidnesters increases veryulittle, if any, during the emulsion .aggregation'process. The oxygen content in.- crease is notmore than 2.8%,and advantageously not more than .1 /z%. In most cases the oxygen content increase is less than /z%.

, pH of emulsions Great advantages can be obtained on acidside emulsion polymerization, e .g. emulsions with metal free or drier-{rec formulation, can be successfully emulsion polymerized on the acid side, at pH ranges of2.8 to 5. Such metal-free emulsions have advantagesin discharge print ing, as the metallic driers are readily reduced by the formaldehyde sulfoxylate or hydrosulfite to metal and the gray colloidal metal deposit, dulls anddiscolors theprints. Lively colors can be obtained with metal-free emulsions.

Many cation active emulsifying agents work better on the acid so these require advantageously acid iqn p ms i ti fl- EMULSIEY AGENTS Great variety-of emulsifying agents may be usedin my process. A list of:such. emulsifying agents is given, for instance, under the title ofSurface-Active Agents in the January 1943 issue ofIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry, on pages 126 to 130. i Y Y 1 Soaps of fatty. acids are for instance satisfactory emulsifying agents. A list of some others is given herewith:

. Trade Nameand Source Manufacturer's Description Duponol ME, E. L-du Pont de Nemours dz Co. Aerosol OT, American Cy- Fatty alcohol sulphate, sodiumsalt. Dioctyl ester of sodium sulphosuccinic anamid Co. I acid. Enzuiphjor AG, General Dye- Polyethyleneoxide condensation product.

Beta Sol, Onyx Oil & Chemical O0.

Igepon, General Dyestuil Qorp.

Quaternary ammonium salt.

Sodium sulphonate of an oleic acid ester of an aliphatic compound, for instance, of the type of D17H33OOH(OHa) O2N4SOaNa.

Sodium salt or aryl alkyl poly ether sulphonate. 'A highly polymerized glycol ester;

Triton 720 mm, Rohm & Haas Co.

I found that'from the various emulsifying agents such types are most suitable, "which are active bothjon the acid side and on the alkaline side. The non-ionic emulsi- -fying agents belong to that class, such asfor instance, 1 nonaethyleneglycolmonooleate, or the corresponding dioleate, or the corresponding monolaurate or dilaurate or monoricinoleate 'or 'diricinoleate. ,(Glyco Products). A flnther satisfactory group is the one of the cationactive emulsifying agents. Examples are the quarternary ammonium salts. As will be seen, the fatty alcohol sulphates (for instance, Duponol ME) are also suitable for my process. 7

PROTECTIVE COLLOIDS A In the examples of this specification casein, methylcellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose are mentioned as suitable protective colloids. Others which may be usedare: gum tragacanth, dextrin, starch solutions, sodium acrylate, sodium methacrylate, sodium polyacrylates, hydroxy ethylc'ellulose of the water soluble and alkali soluble types, locust bean gum, water soluble salts of themaleic adductof styrene, etc. Alginates may befused also, or albumin or. soya protein. Other examples are water soluble ethyl-hydroxy ethyl cellulose, carboxy methylstarch, hydroxy-propyl-starch ether, polyvinyl pyrolidone, amongst others.

As far as protective colloids and emulsifying agents go, care should be exercised that anionic'and non-ionic agents and systems may be mixed, and-cationic agents and systems may be mixed with non-ionic agents and systems, but cationic and anionic agents or systems normally cause flocculation of the emulsion or of the pigments. Ammonium caseina'te, e.g., acts anionic, but it is possible to use casein in cationic systems, if it is dissolved with the aid of cationic quaternary ammonium compounds.

' CATION IC EMULSIFYING AGENTS Satisfactory oil-in-water' emulsions can be prepared with cationic agents. Most of them, however, work on the acid side only. Many times alkaline pH is of advantage for certain purposes. t

The maindifliculty is to find proper cationic pigmen dispersion agents in water, as most of them act as flushing agents, which will drive the pigment from the water to the oil phase. Pigment flocculation occurs with such agents, should they be used with oil-in-water emulsions, particularly if they are emulsion polymerized, as the'pigment is not in direct contact with the oil phase. Either the emulsion breaks or the pigment flocculates, or both.

-fied form in the textile decorating compositions of this invention, the pigments are essential components.- Here below is a list of organic pigments useful in this invention and also a preferred method of making water dispersions from such organic pigments.

THE USEFUL ORGANIC PIGMENTS AND PRE- FERRED METHOD OF MAKING WATER DISPER- PERSIONS THEREOF I p The organic pigments used herein are usually prepared by precipitation methods. They are all water insoluble.

As starting material for this invention, either a filter press cake. or ,dry powder can. be used. Carbon black, if used, is not made by precipitation method and is used as dry powder in the process.

j The following groups of. pigments are exemplifying, but not limiting the scope of the starting materials of this invention.

,(1) Phthalocyanine p igments.- -Phthalocyanine blue,

whi h i a o p o finwopp phtha o ya marketed under trade names of Monastral Fast Blue by duPo'rit de Nemours & Co. byl Dy 'mfi C p n-i IPhthalocyanine" green, which; is achlorinated copper phthalocyaninecolor, is marketed under trade'names of Monastral Fast Green, by E. I. du Pont .de Nemours & Co., and as Heliogen. Green by General Dyestufi Corporations, f

(2 Insoluble azo pigments.-'-'Benzidine yellowsare couplings between dichlorobenzidine and acetoacetie arylides, such as the acetoaceticranilide, orthoftoluidide', -xylidide, -para chloro anilide and -ortho chloro anilide,

Benzidine orange is a coupling product of dichloro-ben zidine with pyrazolone substitution products, 7 such as methyl 'phenyl pyrazolone. if i 'Hansa Yellows are acetoacetic arylide 'coupling'snwith substituted anilines, like 4-chloro-2-nitroaniline, or orthonitraniline, amongst others. I, f Insoluble Azo Reds' are coupling products of the Naphthol AS type. compounds of beta-ortho-naphthoic acid, such as Naphthol AS, NaPh hOI'AS OL, Naphthol AS-BS, Naphthol "AS-D with fast color salts, such'as 2,5 dichloroaniline,p-nitro-orthotoluidine, p-nitro-orthofanisidine amongst others. One example being the coupling product of NaphthblASITR with ITR Fast .color salt (Fast Red Color' Salt'dTR). i f 1 Naphthol AS type couplings may yield also yellows and oranges of the insoluble azo pigment group. Aniline Black pigment can be listed here too.

Toluidine Maroon and Dianisidine Blue and ,a brown pigment obtained by forming the copper salt 'of paranitraniline red are other examples.

, (3) Val pigmentsrvat pigment's'are' of the, indigoid 'orfanthraquinone type. I The indigoid type includes thio indigo derivatives and the anthraquinone typeincludes derivatives of Flavanthrone, Benzanthrone and complex structures made by condensing benz'anthrone molecules.

'Thioindigo Red B has Color Index No. 1207 and Schultz No. 912; For formulation, i.e. structural formula pages 206 and 269 in Pratt: Chemistry and Physics of Organic Pigments, John Wiley & Sons, 1947.

dndanthrene Blue Color Index No. 1 10 6,.Schult z No. 837 e is ,an example ofthe anthraquinone type vat-pigments. Structural formulas of some vat pigments are listed on pages 429 to 435 in volume V of Mattiello: Prot ect ive and Decorative Coatings, John,Wiley p& Sons, I nc.;,;Ne\jv York, -1946. They include lndanthreneRubine -BD,, Indanthrene; Orange BBTA, Indanthrene Golden Orange GA, Indanthrene Brown RA Helio Fast'YellowoGL, tlndanthrene Brilliant Violet 3BA, Fast Violet 4RN, Indigo Blue, 'Indanthrene Navy Blue RA. 7

'(4) Carbon bIac ks.-F urnace Blacks, Channel Blacks, acetylene gas blacks and lampblacks can also be dispersed by the instant process.

In the improved pigment dispersion method of this invention the following dispersing agents are preferred;

Fatty alcohol sulfates, such as sodium, ammonium or triethanolamine salts. of sulfates of lauryl alcohol, -cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol and their mixtures. These agents are known in the art to form emulsions and are used as detergents, but their use as pigment dispersing agents is believed to be novel. j

Sulfates of hydroabietyl alcohol act similarly to fatty alcohol sulfates.

Examples of commercial products are Duponol ME, which is a drypowder form of sodium lauryl sulfate, manufactured by E. I. du Pont deNemours & C0.;-3.Hd Duponol WA paste, which is a water paste of the same compound, containing 30%. active ingredient, andv some inorganic salt impurities.

as 'Heliogen Blue It was found that the action of fatty alcohol sulfates is greatly enhanced. and improved by using as further additive a minor quantity of sodium alkyl naphthalene sulpercentage may go up as high as 40%.

keted under the trade name: of Nekal A by the General content is very important. The fatty alcohol sulfates may be added, for instance, in proportions of 2 to 20% per 100 parts of dry pigment, but for complete deflocculationof the pigment at least 10% and preferably 15 to 20% are" used. Higher proportions of fatty alcoholsulfate are permissible, but does not seem to producejfurther improvement, in deflocculation, to a degree to warrant such increase. Larger proportionsmaybe used, however, to satisfy specialty purposes of incorporation into finished products or. to. satisfy. machinery limitations.

The'sodium alkyl sulfonates are added in proportions of /2% to 4% based on the pigment content, 2% being a preferred and satisfactory proportion. u i

If .protectivecolloids are added, about..1% of dry casein is used, based on the dry pigment content and about 5% methlycellulose low viscosity type, designated 'as 15 cps. type in the trade. Larger quantitiesofprotective colloids can be added, "but their action is distinct in the' here given proportions. They help to complete deflocculation and keep the particles in suspension. 1

These improved pigment dispersions are particularly advantageous in coloring latex compositions for dipping of knife coating or roller coating applications, andfor use inpaper beater coloring application's, also wherein increased color values are obtainable. i i I have found that somepigments require larger proportions than 20%-surface active agent, and the required A further improvement of the pigment dispersion step of this. invention consists in carrying out, the deflocculation of the pigment at elevated temperature which ranges from .aboveroom temperature to below the boiling point of water, as for instance, 90 C. i

PROPORTIONS OFINGREDIENTS. q

The proportions'of the ingredients of the compositions of this invention may tolerate certain limits; The examples here below illustrate the process and do not necessarily limit same. i I

Pigmentjc0ntenl..-The proportions .ofupigrnents vary depending onthe type used,". Inadditiontojthe pigments;

listed further above in this specificatiom some inorganic pigments are also used inpigment printing compositions (resin emulsion color concentrates), in particular, artiinventionranges' from about 4.5% to about 20 with the.

organic type pigments, 8% to about 23% with, the inorganic pigments, and, in case of titanium dioxide, it may go up to about 40%.

Resin c0ntent.-The non-volatile resin content of the.

color concentratecompositions ofthis invention ranges from about 6% to about 20.5% and, in most cases, is.

. to Based-on 1 part dry pigment,"depending on the type of pigmenfused, the non-volatile resin contentmay range from about-0.25 part to about 4.5 parts. i i I V Protective colloid c0ntent.The protective colloid content of the color concentrates ranges from about 1% to methylcel lulose cps, may be advantageously used in the proportionsof 0.5% to 2% of the composition.

i To show the interrelationship of pigment to protective colloid, I may mention that on 1 part of pigment the total protective colloids range from about 0.05 part to about 1.5 parts. Casein, if used, may be used in the range of f0.05part to 0.75 part for each 1 part of pigment. The

.cellulose proportion may go up frequently to 0.120 part for each part of dry pigment. The methylcellulose proportion may go up frequently to 0.120 part for each part of drypigment. i

Proportion of surface active agents-As many pigment dispersing agents may act as emulsifying agents and vice versa, the proportionof total surface active agents relating to the total quantity of the composition is being given here. The surface activeagent proportion mentioned here below relates to the sum of the pigment dispersing agents and emulsifying agents. The quantityof the surface active agents in these compositions is from about 1.6% to-about4. 5% but, in the case of higher pigmented compositions like whites, it may go up as high as 7.5%. All percentages arebased on the total weight of the composition; 1 i i f Based on 1 part of dry pigment, the range of surface active agents is: from about 0.07 part to about 1 part.

It should be understood that theportion of the surface active agents which is used to disperse the pigmentsis based on the pigment content and ranges normally up to 20% based on .the pigment and, in some extreme,cases,,

up to 40%, whereas the portion which acts as emulsifying agent ,for the resins and oil phase in general is related to the quantity of the oil phase present in the pigmented resin emulsion composition l may mention that 2 to 6%.

of emulsifying agent is used'in most cases for emulsifying" purposes, based on the dispersed phase (oil phase) can:

tentlof the pigmented resin emulsion composition;

The color concentrate compositions of the present invention are viscous bynature and aredilutable with clear extender print paste emulsions to form the desired strength ofshade when" used for textile printing.

i i i PENTAERYTHRITOLS According to this invention, at least 50% of the polyhydric alcohol component of the alkyd resin should be pentaerythritol However, the higher the pentaerythritol content, the better the. chemical resistance and toughness of the deposited resin emulsion films become. inmost cases,,pure pentaerythritol esters arepreferred and give superior results. The following tableillustratescompositions and-constants of. some pentaerythritol alcohols useful in ,thisprocess. i 1

between the range 7% to 13%.

Alcohol Composition i Melting Molecular Combining.

. Range,0. Wgt. Wgt.

Pentaerythritola Pure gr 259. 5-260. 5 136.1 34. Dipentaery hri l '221222 254.3 42;

. Tripentaerythritoldo v z 124872405 372.4 46.

, Benteln; ApproximatelyySfiZ, .Peutaerythritohand, 185-225, 36.

\ Pentek43..... Approximately-50% Pentaerythritol and? 180-200 "39.

50% Dipentaerythritol. i i

Polypentek. Mixture of Polymers I 225-235 e The combining weight in the preceding table means the number of weight units required to equal one hydroxyl group. These are average values and may vary slightly with diiferent lots. Where great accuracy is desired, it is advisable to determine the hydroxyl value of the par-- ticular lot of pentaerythritol type alcohol.

Pentek is a designation for certain technical grades of pentaerythritolalcohols used by Heydenj Chemical Corporation, New York 1, New York.

The table below lists the combining weights of many TABLE PREFERRED RESIN EXAMPLES-J should beless than 15, and viscosity at least C (Gardner- Holdt), when thinned to 50% solids with Mineral Spirits.

This example is shown primarily to demonstrate the preparation.v of making alkyd resins of the type useful in this process. The resulting resin of this example, however, is "less suitable for this process on account of the rosin content-coming from the tall oil component. In the examples following here below are the chemical and physical constants of some resins listed which are preferred-for this process: 1

Resin A Resin B Resin Resin D Resin E Non-Volatile Content... 50% 65% 50% 70% 50%. Solvent Mill. Sp--- Min. Sp--- Min. Sp-.. Min. Sp--- Min. Sp. Oil ulCongent-Pereent oil on non-volatile (cal- 58 62% 53% 63% I 56%.

0 ate Phthalic Anhydride (A.S.T.M. Des 563-45T). 30% 25 /7. 273 7; 2534 7 30.8%. Type of Oil Soy Segre-. Soya Soya Soya.

' gated Soya. e

Polyhydric Alcohol Pentaery'hritol Techrlcal 100% Acid No 3-7 3 8-1? 6-10 4-7, Viscosity-Gardner-liloldl; W-Y..-..- Z1Z3-..... U-X YZ1 T-V.

of. the chemicals which are used with the pentaerythritol type alcohols:

- Combining Chemical: weight Maleic anhydride 49. 0 Phthalic anhydride 74.0 .Succinic acid 59. 0 Adipic acid 7 V 73.0 Sebacic acid 101.0 Rosin (AcidNo. 162) 345 Linceed oil fatty acids (Acid No. 198).. 284 Soyabean oil fatty acids (Acid No. 202)---- 278 Stearicacid (Acid No. 198) 284 Tall oil, crude (Acid No. 150) 374 Tall oil, refined (Acid No. 175) 321 1 Preparation of alkyd resins:

Illustrative resin example The preparation of mixed glycerol-pentaerythritolesters is illustrated by this example. The schematic constitution of the end product of this example is:

20% oil(linseed oil) 30% pentaerythritol ester of phthalic anhydride (with some maleic content) 0% pentaerythritol ester of tall oil The cooking procedure is as follows: Heat the linseed oil, tall oil-and maleic anhydride to 150 C. (302 R), hold'there for /2 hour. Heat to 232 C. (450 F.) hold /2 hour at this temperature. Addthen all the Pentek in installments withinabout minutes. Keep temperature at 232 C. after all Pentek added for /2 hour,- to form the monopentaerythritol ester, like the .monoglyceride. Test a drop in denatured alcohol for turbidity. After this /2 hour it should be clearly soluble in alcohol.

This step isneeded, because the linseed oil is added as e such and not as fatty acids. Nocatalyst'is needed.

to 40 minutes; are ample to obtain alcohol soliibility all phthalic anhydride in increments .Within l015 min e me ef r 4 30.1 9 ans erer t initial ester f at n, a se t p f e 230i. -M f (446 F.), hold there for 44 /2 hours. Acid number Min. Sp. in the above table, under Solvent, is Mineral Spirits. Some ofthe organic solyent soluble melamine or urea resins are not miscible with Mineral Spirits; therefore, if suchtypes of amino-aldehyde resins are used, the alkyd resins should be diluted with aromatic hydrocarbons, such as for instance, xylol. Such change in the solvent normally lowers the viscosity of the resin solution but otherwise does not change film characteristics. Commercial examples of resins in the above list are:

Beckosol P-471 (Reichhold Chemicals Corporation) Syntex 62 (Jones-Dabney Company) Aroplaz'1086M, Aroplaz 1241M (US. Industrial Chemicals, Inc.) I V l P6118 (Dock Resin Corporation) 7 Whereas, with this invention, resins with a miniunm of 50% oil content are preferred, here below are listed chemical constants of two commercial pentaerythritol alkyd resins which are shorter in oil length and may, in some cases, yield satisfactory results:

T BLE OF PREFERREDRESIN EXAMPLES-II Resin F Resin G Non-Volatile Content.".-.--..l---'.. 50% 62%. W igqlvgn .{et t n Xylnl Xylol. on en person 0 on non 35 4 1 ii1i i1 A m ti h (A s T M 2% ac yrie ....40.6'. .-38. Des 56345T) Type of QiL'.-- vLinseed Soya. Polyhydric A 7 Pentaerythritol Pentaerythrltol 'llgficyhnical 1'I()gchnieal Acid 5 15-25 4-6. Viscosity, Gardner-Holdt X-Z Z2-Z4.

' 'ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES E xgrnpie iePigmenttiispersions in water.Pigments' I -70, At this stage, drop temperature to' C. (302 E.'),add j which are. bynature hydrophobic may be completely deflocculated as "dispersions in water by incorporating jsodiumlauryl. sulfate into a mixture of water and of .,'the pigment, mixing themixture and passing the slurry througha pigment dispersing equipment. For example,

in this process, based on 100 parts of dry pigment, about 13 i 4% to about 20% sodium lauryl sulfate and, if desired, about /2% to about 2% short chain substituted alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, are. mixed into the mixture of water and pigment. Generally speaking, the dispersion thus obtained preferably comprises a. water-and-pigment mixture component and a dispersing agent Component, wherein the water-pigment mixture component comprises about 14% to about 35% by weight of hydrophobic organic pigment and about 65% to about 86% by weight of Water. The dispersing agent component comprises a water soluble fatty alcohol sulfate, for example, a sulfate of lauryl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, or oleyl alcohol. The dispersing agent component is preferably used in proportion of between about 9% and about 20% by weight of fatty alcohol sulfate based on the dry pigmentcontent. The dispersingagent isprefe rably in. solution in the water and the pigment is in direct contact with the solution. In the event artificially precipitatedpigments are dispersed, the water-and-pigmentmixture component may i be a press cake collected-in the" filter presses. Examples of suitable pigments arefphthalocyanin'e pigments, such as copper phthalocyanine, insoluble azo pigments, vat pigments, and carbon black. Y

If desired, a protective colloid may be incorporated in the dispersion. If casein is used, it may be present in the proportion of /2% to 50% based upon the weight of the dry pigment. If the protective colloid ismethylcellulose, it may be present in the proportion of 1% to 10% of the weight ofthe dry pigment. The dispersion may alsobe obtained by ball milling, pebble milling, or roller milling. a l

Example 2.In this example, a resin mixture was used consistingof 90% of Resin A dissolved in xylol (instead of Mineral Spirits), having 50% non-volatile content and 10% butyl modified melamine'formaldehyde resin, containing 50% nonvolatile, 30% butanol, and 20% 'xylo'l. A suitable product is Melmac 245-8 of American Cyanamid Company. 42.15 parts of'this resin mixture,

0.31 part of mixed naphthenate driers,-1-2.22 parts of 10% sodium lauryl sulfate solution in water, 20.65 parts of a casein solution'in water, containing antifouling agents, 5.48 parts of ammonium hydroxide solution prepared by mixing 1 part of concentrated ammonium hydroxide and 1 part of water, 1054 parts of a 20% water solution ofsodium carboxymethylcellulose, low viscosity type, and 8.65 partsof water are made into an emulsion inj the following manner: Add to the resin solution underagitation /s of the sodium lauryl sulfate solution, mix the rernaining %,-the wa ter and the casein solution in a separate container and add :themslowly to the resin solution containing mixture under agitation. Add the ammonium hydroxide solution .andadd finally the sodium carboxymethylcellulose solution, Homogenize. This emulsionhis a suitable binder for color concentrates.

Example 3.To a. phthalocyanine green press cake, marketed underthe trade name ofHeliogenj Green GV vpresscake, having 27.6% pigment content, Duponol ME 1 dry powder was added to yield 18% Duponol on the, pigment content, and Nekal, A dry powder was added to yield 2% additiorion thepigment content. -The press cake was :mixed'with a spatula by hand; after 5 minutes it became completely liquida It has been found, that dry powder addition, which is attractive as it does not increase.

.fbyi the aidof an Eppenbachhomomixer, which is a high speed turbo 'mixer, having a narrow clearance between It runs about 3,600. r.p.rn.. About turbine and stator. 15 minutes is satisfactory but occasionally up to minutes may be used. A 5 HF. motored mixer satisfactorily disperses a 500 lb. press cake quantity in a 55 to 60 gal. size drum. (Open head drum.) The active ingredient in Duponol ME dry powder is the same. as that of Duponol WA paste, i.e. technical sodium lauryl sulfate.

The homomixed slurry is passed through a colloid mill, to complete dispersion and defiocculation. Pebble milling is also very satisfactory to complete pigment deflocculation and dispersion. 24 hours to 48 hours are satisfactory milling times. Example 4.59 parts of the binder emulsion of Example 2, 26.25 parts of the phthalocyanine pigment dispersion in water of Example 3, 2.9 parts of a 60% polychoroprene latex, 3.9 parts of pine oil, and 7.95 parts of water are mixed and homogenized, to form ,a color concentrate. Other pigments may be used instead of the phthalocyanine blue, as described further above in Example 1 and in other places of this specification.

Emulsion polymerized resin binders .If the resinbinder is emulsion polymerized or emulsion aggregated,;advantages result in faster solidifying binders, increased toughness and better aging qualities of the prints obtained. 7

Example 5.-;An emulsion-aggregated binder is prepared from the resin mixture solution of Example 2,

according to Example 2, by the following changes: deducting'3.58 parts of the water added, and adding 3.58

1 parts of a 30 volume percent hydrogen peroxide solution uct of Example 5, by first preparing a pigment grind from 1359 parts of Naphthol AS type pigment red, 2000 parts of resin mixture solution of Example2, 1179 parts thereby emulsified into the binder emulsion. The resultingproduct is homogenized by passing it through acol- 10m mill. The pigment grind can be prepared 0 55 V v three-roller paint mill.

Example 7.-5 .90 parts of the emulsion of Example 5, 47105 parts of a 3% water solution of 4000 cps. methylcellulose, 47.05 parts of water are mixed and homogenized. Under agitation with a suitable mixer, like the Eppenbach homomixer, 100'.parts of Mineral Spirits. are stirred into the former emulsion in increments. The Mineral Spirits used. in this example has a bulking value of 01515 gallon per pound, a flash point of 100 F., a kauri-butanol value of 44 to 46, and is marketed by the American Mineral Spirits Company under thestrade name of Amsco Mineral Spirits #46.

Example 8.-To make an extender print paste similar to Example 7, but where the volumetric relation of solvent to water phase is changed toyieldl a lower solvent percentage: 23.563 parts of a 3% methylcellulose solu tion in water, using 4000 cps. methylcellulose,f23 .5 63 parts'of water and 2.874 parts of concentrated resin emul-. sion of Example 5, are mixed and 45 710 partsof Mineral f Spirits of Example 7 are incorporated in a manner as described in Example 7. The resulting emulsion has az hlo nw olatile content 28.29

- 3 [Qe h ee -2 somewhat lower viscosity than the product of Example 7. This extender emulsion has about 0.739% methylcellulose, 48.499% water, 47.759% of solvent and 3.003% reinforcing concentrated resin emulsion.

Example 9.-Resin-free extender paste..0.750 part of 4000 cps. high viscosity methylcellulose is dissolved in 49.250 parts of water. 50 parts of Mineral Spirits of Example 7 is incorporated in increments, under proper agitation. A viscous print paste is obtained.

Example 10.Extender print paste of Example 7, where one-half of methylcellulose is replaced by water. 0353 part of 4000 cps. high viscosity methylcellulose is dissolved in 46.773 parts of water, yielding an 0.75% methylcellulose solution. This is mixed with a concentrated oil-in-water resin emulsion of Example 5, taking 2.874 parts of the latter. "The resulting product is agitated and 50 parts of Mineral Spirits of Example7 are incorporated in increments under proper agitation. The resulting print paste is similar to that of Example 7, except, that on account of 50% lower content in high viscosity methylcellulose, its water phase and consequently the emulsion has lower viscosity. The product is a fluid viscous emulsion with good printing qualities.

Other formulations having various relationships of ingredients may be used for the extenders. In the following table, proportions by weight are shown of the various ingredients, assuming the water content to be 100 parts. In these examples where reinforcing resin emulsions may be used, those resin emulsions were not considered in the computation and the ensuing analysis 1s based on the residual part: I 7

High Vis- Solvent cosity Cel- Other Ingredients lulose Ether 1. 523 0. 887 l. 524 l. 523 1. 266' 0.938 Duponol ME. 1. 254 0.929 Duponol ME. 1. 524 0. 756 1. 249 0.925 Duponol ME and 1.426

Aerotex M-3 dry. 1. 240 0.918 Duponol ME and 4.545

Aerotex M-3 dry. 0.754 1. 138 1. 477 0. 732 1. 522 1. 522 1. 246 0.562 Duponol ME. 1. 260 0.536 DuponolME. 1. 236 0.583 Duponol ME. 0. 750 0.472 Duponol ME. 1. 469 0.392 Duponol ME.

1Example 11.Schematic formula for a concentrated resin emulsion-In this example, aschematic formulais given to prepare a concentrated resin emulsion suitable Zinc naphthenate 6% metal content $01., 30

parts b.w. Casein solution for schematic formula:

Casein, dry 7.75 parts b.w. (Protovac 8397, Borden C0.).

Water 31. parts b.w.

Dowicide A 0.0775 parts b.w. (1% on .casein). Dow Chemical Co. (a fungicide).

Dowicid'e G 0.0775 parts b.w. (1% on casein) Dow Chemical Co. (a fungicide).

Ammonia, conc. 0.1163 parts b.w. (l /2% on casein). Low viscosity methylcellulose solution for schematic formula:

Methylcellulose, 15 cps 2.09 parts by wt. Water 13.35 parts by wt.

Order of addition in suitable emulsifying equipment: (1) Resin solution, drier sol., pine oil mixed (2) Duponol solution added (3) Casein solution added (4) Ammonia solution added (5) Hydrogen peroxide added in increments (6) Methylcellulose solution added Methylcellulose solution may be present before hydrogen peroxide addition. If e.g. sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) replaces methylcellulose, it is preferable to add it after hydrogen peroxide addition.

Resins suitable for schematic formula, amongst others, are: Resins A, B, C, D and Ereferred to in table, marked I, entitled Table of preferred resin examples; Resins F and G-referred to in table, marked II, entitled fTable of preferred resin examples; and the commercial resins listed further above. Solvents used in above resins are aromatic and/or aliphatic hydrocarbons.

10 to 20% of resin solution in the schematic example, may be replaced with amino-aldehyde resins, which contain N.V. in solvent mixture of alcohols and hydrocarbons, e.g.:

Melmac 245-8, butyl modified melamine formaldehyde resin, Am. Cyanamid Co. Melmac 248-8, butyl modified melamine formaldehyde resin, Am. Cyanamid Co.

Uformite MM butyl modified melamine formaldehyde resin, Rohm & Haas Co.

Y Uformite MX61 alkyl modified triazine resin, Rohm &

in this invention. Resin examples are also listed, which 1 can be satisfactorily used in this schematic formula.

Drier mixture forschematic formula: a 'Leadsnaphthenate 24% metal content 'sol-., 200

" partsb.w.

6% metal content sol., 25

' parts b.w.

Haas Co.

'Uformite F240 alkyl modified urea formaldehyde resin,

Rohm & Haas Co. Beetle 2168 alkyl modified urea formaldehyde resin, Am.

Cyanamid Co.

The same emulsions with the resins described above, can be prepared without emulsion polymerization, using water instead of the hydrogen peroxide in the schematic formula. Such emulsions are similar in nature to the one described inExample 2. In some instances, the films they form may have ashorter life and the film formationperiod might be longer, than compared with the emulsion polymerized product.

Example 12.Schematic formulation of pigment color c0ncentrates.In the schematic formula for pigment color concentrates, I prefer to use 59 parts of concentrated resin emulsion of Example 11, 2.9 parts of polychloroprene latex, 60% non-volatile, like neoprene 601 latex of E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. and pigments in proportions of 79% pigment content in the color concentrate.

The pigments may be incorporated in a manner described in Example 4, using pigment dispersions in water similar to that of Example, 3.

I If desired, there may be substituted for the polychloroprene latex of Examples 4, 13, and 12, the concentrated resin emulsion of Example 11 or other suitable n he ie eases The following pigments may be used satisfactorily:

Yellow;-Bei1zidi1ie.ellow;i Orange; Benzidine Orange;

Green; PhthalocyanineGreen; Blue; Phthalocyanine Blue; oniIndanthrene Blue; Maroon; Thioindigo Maroon; Red; various insoluble azo. pigme'ntsot. the Naphthol AS type couplings; or Thioindigo Reds and Pinks; Brown;various 12.3 parts of resin solids, 2.4 parts of casein, 1.2 parts of. low viscosity. methylcellulose, 0.7 part of. emulsifying.

agent, and 0.09part of driers.

In this schematic formula, the binder toJpi-gmentratio may be changed :in a mannerthat thebinder solids are reduced and the pigments solids increased. Color con-. centrates with pigment content. up, to 22% and concentrated resin emulsion content downto 30 to 40% maybe suitable for many purposes.

.The use-of. aminoealdehyde. resins helps thev formation of .thermoset resin, films. and. also assists in solubilization,

of the protective colloids.

Thioindigo Pink, mentioned further. above, bee ceier IndexNo, 1211 and, Schultz No. 910..

Example 13.--Pigment paddingiBecause of the lightfastness, of pigments. and ease of their application, to

obtain solid .colorefiects, pigment padding is becoming. more and norepopulantoreplace dyeing; The pigmerited oil-in-watertemulsions of 1this invention are suitable; for pigment padding. The. color concentrates of Example 12 may be diluted with water to thedesired sion and color concentrate, whereby launden'ngresistance.

increases. 1

. There are two .difliculties in the. way. of popularizing.

pigment padding. One is ,crocking. The binder emulsions,, as.formulated above, show very,.lo,w crockingzand can be considered as practically non-crocking for many purposes, thereby eliminating this drawback, of pigment.

padding. The second diificulty, is represented by the phenomenon called pigment migration. During the drying operation, the pigments migrate towards the heat and causestreaks. anduneven color effects- If: the drying tunnels or chambers shqwithe slightest differences in take place... It is .very difficult evenwith the most modern equipmenttohave uniform temperatures allover the. dry-u ing chambers. The emulsion aggregated (emulsion polymeriz ed) binders. are solidified in theemulsion. and there fore, prevent the migration ,of.the pigments., This.par-

ticular performanceof these new emulsions permits their use withgreat advantage ir p igment padding .to produce solidcoloreffects bypigments. Thepresenceof extender' clear print-pastes of this invention and that fofw-U.S. Patent No. 2,637,705, as part ,of the. padding; liquor, also helpstoreduce pigment migration. M r .5 .1}.

examples, neoprene, latex was used as crock; reducing, agent. I found that satisfactory crock reduction islob tained with the. use oif neoprene cements, (sqlvelltrsolue fir s) i po y y n em l io e-i st ne t- (l ear polymer of isobuty'lene), vinyl chloride polymers, ;acryl oni trile;t rals/ ll u e i-1 sti qm ione .ip lye1 One of: the, acrylonitrilemopolymers, useful as: nti-crush n ent. r the qrv qnitri eeb ciene, coe

.18 polymers also known as Hycars. In the color concentrates, I .mayluse from-0.1% to 2% crock reducing agent solids. in many instances, increase in the concentrated resin emulsion content may eliminate the necessity of 5 using a special crock reducing agent. i

The concentrated resin-binder emulsion may be increased, for example, to about 62% by weight based upon: the total color concentrate composition.

The method of preparing resin emulsion colorjconcentrates described in my co-pending application, Serialf 1 No. 352,95 8, isalso suitable in connection with the pew;

erythritol alkyd resins of this invention. The following; examples illustratethis point:

Example 15.-A schematic example of'pigmeht dis- Pigment.(Phthalocyanine fiBlue,dry basis) 16:817?

Water. 66,9937" DuponolME 302T L 20 Nekal A;(p1:opylated naphthalenesulfonate) 0.330

Casein Dup'onol 1solution. 1.488 Dry methylcellulose, 15 cps. 0.841 Antifoam, 0.420 Mineral. Spirits #46 Mineral Spirits Ams co) 4.204 18% caseinsolution wi 5.930;

r r i 1 0 601? Casein Duponol solution: Parts by Weight ater i 376186 Protovae 8397 (ammonium caseinate, The BordenGompany) 11. 39 Dowicido'A (sodium O-phenylpheiiat'e', The Dow Chemical 00.). 0.11 Dgwrcide (sqdiurn peutachlorophenate, The Dow Chemical 1 0. 1 Ammonia. 7 Q 1%, Duponol WAQ, 1 i i 12133 Antiioam;m-" ;1, 0.03-

2 18% casein solution;

. Protovae 8397 Water Dowicide A Dowicide G Ammonia Sequestrene Sl 3 Sequestrene ST; 80% aetlve ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid, so c liii ffl salt;A1r0se"Ghe"mical Company. f- Examples 16, 17, 18, and 19.Sche mat[c examples of metlzq'd 0f preparation.-In Examples 16 to 19, the following resin mixture was made to form the oil phase:

I a vw ig t Resin non-volatile contentfinjfxylel s n; i as resin ofResin A) I 88.8: Butyl =niodified melamine resin (such as Melmac 50 245-8 of American Cyanamid Co.) 50% non volatile (30% butyl alcohol and 20% .Xylo1) 9.8- rier mixture huh. 1.4,

01 -9 1 Drier mixture: .Parts b Wei ht"- Lead naphthenate drier 24% metalconteut; 641 011 Oehalt naphthenate .drier 6% metal content, 15.30 Zmc naphthenate drier 8% metal content 20. 70..

Example Example. Example Example. 1. 1 :16 "*17 1s =19 PltlhalocyullgitleBliie. r i urry o xamp e 15-- 76. 50 79. 51 77.62 Acrawax 0 Water Dis- 80 5 persion (a polyamide H dispersion in water m made byGlyeo Produets 00., Inc) H .23 23 .23 H 23 i Rzigl'iln Mixture (011 u r as 14. 79. 15:33 15.02. 15.61 I 18%OaseinSolution (dee '1" scribed in Example 15)- 2. 92. 10% DuponolSo1ution ,(dry) .44 44 -50% Slurry of Methyl 1 cellulose 15 cps. (low I viscosity) in Mineral Spirits Example 16.-Preparation.-Mix under enclosed turbine high speed agitator like the Eppenbach homomixer the water phase and methylcellulose slurry; add the resin mixture (oil phase) slowly under continuous agitation. The resulting color concentrate has approximately 12.86% pigment content.

Example l7.-Preparatin.-After premixing the Water phase, add the 50% slurry of methylcellulose 15 cps. (low viscosity) in Mineral Spirits and then the resin mixture (oil phase). In this example, note that Dupono l ME dry was used. 'The resulting color concentrate has approximately 13.3% pigment content.

Example 18.-Preparation.Incorporate with the resin mixture (oil phase) under an enclosed turbine mixer the vDuponol water solution ME. To this oil phase which contains the Duponol solution dispersed therein, add a mixture of the blue slurry, Acrawax C and 18% casein solution in increments under thorough agitation using an enclosed turbine mixer. The resulting color concentrate has approximately 13.05% pigment content. U

Example 19.Preparation.Prepare in the mixing vessel the oil phase, add under agitation the dry Duponol to disperse the latter in the former and addto this oil phase a pre-mixed mixture of the blue slurry, Acrawax C dispersion and the 18% casein solution in increments 'under thorough agitation using an enclosed turbine mixer. The resulting color concentrate has approximately;13.58% pigment content.

In Examples 16 and 17, the oil phase is added to the water phase; in Examples 18 and 19, the water phase is added to the oil phase. a In Examples 17 and 19, dry Duponol is used; whereas, Examples 16 and 18 use Duponol solution in water.

. Example 20.-Schematic formula for color concentrates with high resin content.-

. v V V f Parts Phthalo'cyanine Blue slurry of Example 58.27

Resin mixture (oil phase) of Examples 16 to 19 28.57

Add the casein solution to the blue slurry, add the Duponol WAQ, and mix these Bingredients. Incorpo rate the resin mixture by adding it slowly in increments to the water phase under constant agitation, using an enclosed turbine type high speed agitator. Pass. the product through a colloid mill. The resulting product has approximately 9.8% pigment content and much higher resin content per pound of dry pigment than the products of Examples 16 to 19. Other pigments mentioned in this specification or other resins may be substituted for the ones used in example. g

Example 21.Schematic formula with various pigmems In this example, a number of pigments are shown in color concentrate formulations. All pigments have been first converted to a water dispersion by inoorporating the following additives in the given proportions to their pigment-water mixtures, such'as, for

instance, to commercially available presscakes.

ample 50%Methyce1lulose 15 cps. Slurry in-Mineral Spirits of Example 15. 18% Casein Solution of Example 15- Mineral Spirits Antlfoam 10.00% of Pigment Content. 7

35.00 to 41.00% of Pigment Content.

as required. V g

20.00% of Pigment Content.

In making ire sin emulsion color concentrates from these pigment slurries, additional emulsifying agent was to the water phase in the proportion'of about 6% onresin solids, using additional 15 cps. methylcelluloseand casein; as protective colloid additions. "Pigment contents. and resin contents of the color concentrates are given in the following table:

The method used was the oil phase-to-water phase method. The surface active agents in these compositions range from 2.1% to 7%, the dry casein content from 1.2% to 2.7%, the dry methylcellulose content from 0.6% to 2.1%. All percentages are based on the totalweight of the color concentrates.

In Examples 16 to 21 the expression water phase is understood to includethe pigment slurryin water. In these examples the resin emulsion is prepared in situ in the presence of the pigment slurry. The pigment slurry is the water dispersion of the in-water deflocculated pigment. I

Resins described and claimed in some of my prior patent applications have excellent resistance to alkali and soap. Films of oil modified alkyd resins, such as those containing phthalic anhydride, do not resist to alkali and soap and do not resist drycleaning solvents, such as perchlorethylene satisfactorily. I have found, that whereas pentaerythritol ester type alkyd resins, which contain polyunsaturated fatty acids, have somewhat improved resistance to alkali and soap, than the corresponding glycerin ester type resins, as such they still would not satisfy the requirements for binders of pigments for textile decoration purposes. However, if the pentaerythritol alkyd resins of this invention. are used in conjunction with amino-aldehyde resins, their characteristics improve, when they are used in the manner herein described. Emulsion polymerization, as herein described, also improves chemical resistance of pentaerythritol alkyd resins.

The pigmented resin emulsion textile decorating colors of this invention, if formulated as herein described and claimed, will yield continuously or discontinuously decorated (colored) textile fabrics, which will withstand laundering in washing machines or by scrubbing on a washboard or hand rubbing, after they have been properly set. They will also withstand drycleaning under severe conditions of abrasion in commercial drycleaning processes with as strongly attacking drycleaning fluids as perchlorethylene. Proper setting of the colored decorated textiles, whether prepared by printing or pad dyeing, requires regular methods and equipment used in textile plants for the fixation of resin bonded pigment decorated textiles.

To fully understand the scope of the improvement of this invention I may refer to the known fact, that heavier film deposits show greater resistance to chemicals than thinner film deposits. For instance, whena certain clear varnish is applied by a film applicator on a glass plate orsteel. plate,.which applicatordeposits a 1 /2 mils wet film thickness and in'another case the same varnish is deposited. with afilm applicator depositing 3 mils wet film thickness the alkali resistance against a 2% solution of sodium hydroxide may difieras much as 30 minutes for the thinner film deposit and 4 or 5 hours or more for the heavier film deposit. In textile printing,

the thickness of the depositsfis in the range of A of mil land-still: thetabove described. sresistance is; :achievedi I gclaimrz l l l 1.:.A .pigmented oiL-in-water type resinemulsion color concentrate. for. dyeing and printing textiles comprising, calculatedon the total. weight of the color concentrate, a pigment vrangingtin content. from about 4.5%.; to about 40%, anemulsifiedabinder resin ranging in content from aboutr6%. to about 20.5%,. aprotectivecolloid ranging inncontent1from..about 1%to. about 515%, and a combinedv content of pigment dispersingand emulsifyingagent totallingfrom about 1.6%;toabout7.5%, and water, saidbinder .resin. comprising arpolyunsaturated fatty acid ester: of a polyhydric alcohol; said ester being-a pentaerythritolialkyd resinwvhich containsta.) as polyhydric alcoholacomponent; calculated on the total quantity of saidupolyhydric. alcohol, about 50%" to'about 100% of a pentaerythritol,: (b) an aromatiopolybasic acid component,.- and .(c) a polyunsaturated fatty acid component, wherein the latter acid component (a) does not amount toz-more than 65% of-said alkyd resin-and'th'e smallest quantity-of said latteracid is present after esten'fication inranamount of at least 150% of the total quantity of said alkyd'aresin, the aromatic polybasic acid component '(b) Ofithfl alkyd resincomprising primarily-a compound selected from the. group consisting of-phthalic acid and phthalic anhydride, whereingthe emulsified .binder resin also contains an aminoaldehyde resin, soluble in an organic solvent amounting. to at least and no more than: 100%-calculated on the amount of said alkyd resin presentin the colorconcentrate, said emulsifying. agent being. selected fromtheclass consisting of soapsof fatty acids, fatty acid esters of polyethylene'glycols, quaternary ammonium salts, saltsof long chain fatty amines, fatty alcohol sulfates, polyalkylene oxide condensation products, polymerized glycolesters, alkyl aryl polyether alcohols, alkyl aryl polyether sulfonates and salts of organic sulfonates, said protective colloid being selected from theclassconsisting of casein, ammonium caseinate, methylcellulose, sodium: carboxymethylcellulose, gum tragacanth, dextrin, starch, polyacrylates, water-soluble and alkali-soluble hydroxyethylcellulose, locust beangum, water-soluble saltsof the maleic adduct of styrene, alginates, albumene, soya protein, ethyl-hydroxy-ethyl cellulose, carbokymethyl-starch, hydroxy-propyl-starch ether and polyvinyl pyrolidone. i

"2. The composition of claim 1 1, in which the fatty-acid component ofthe alkyd resin is soyabean oil fatty acids.

3. The composition of claim-1, in which the polycarboxylic 1 acid component of the alkyd resin is phthalic anhydride. g

4. Thecomposition-of-claim 1, in which the aminoaldehyderesin istan organic solvent soluble melamineformaldehyde resin.

concentrate ofrclaim 1 and from about lpart to about; 200 parts by volume ofga clear extender print paste e'mulsion,- said extender print paste emulsion comprising 47' /2% to 56% ,water, 0.3%*to- 0.8% of high viscosity water'soluble cellulose ether and 43 %*to 51' /2% of a water immiscible hydrocarbon solvent,-all percentsbeing byweight.

=A; composition; of -matter accordingto claim 9,

which containsfa crock reducing additivepsaid additive being a compound selected from the group consisting of neoprene, a .copolymer of. butadiene and :acrylo'nitrile, and. mixtures thereof. l 11. A pigmented, oil in-water type resinemulsion color.

concentrate for dyeing and printing textiles comprising,

calculated on the.total weight of the color concentrate, a

pigment ranging in content. from about 4.5% to. about;

40%., an emulsified binderresin ranging in content fromabout 6% to about 120.5%, a protective colloid' rangi'ng incontent from about 1% to about 5.5%,:and 'a.com-. bined content of pigment. dispersing and.emulsifying. agent totalling from about1.6% to about.7.5%, and water,.said binder resin comprising a polyunsaturated fatty .acid ester of a polyhydric alcohol, said ester being. a pentaerythritol alkyd resin which. contains (a) as poly-. hydric alcoholvcomponent, calculated on: thetotal quan-. tity ,of said polyhydricalcohol, about 50% to about ofna pentaerythritol, (b) an aromaticpolybasic.acid-coma ponent, and (c) a polyunsaturated fatty acid component, wherein the latteracid component (a) does not'amount. to more than 65% of said alkyd resin and the smallest quantity of said latter acid is present after esterification in an amount of at least 50% of the total quantity of. said alkyd resin, the aromatic polybasic acid component (b) of. the alkyd resin comprising primarily a compound selected from the. group consisting of phthalicacid and phthalic anhydride, said pigment consisting of a dispersed pigment defiocculated in water, the particles of which are. surrounded by water, wher ein the emulsified binder resin also contains an aminoaldehyde resin, soluble .in an, organic solvent amounting to at least 5% and .no more, than 100% calculated on theamount of said alkyd resin present inthe color concentrate, said emulsifyingagent being selected from theclass consisting of soaps of fatty. acids, fatty acid esters of polyethylene ,glycols, quaternary ammoniumsalts, salts of long chain fattyamines,; fatty alcohol sulfates, polyalkylene oxide, condensation products, polymerized glycol esters, alkyl aryl polyether alcohols, alkyl. aryl polyether sulfonates and salts of organic sulfonates, said protective colloid being selected from the class consisting of casein, ammonium caseinate, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, gum tragacanth, dextrin, starch, polyacrylates, water-soluble. and alkali-soluble hydroxyethylcellulose, locust bean gum, water-soluble. salts of the maleic adduet of styrene, alginates, albumene, soya protein, ethyl-hydroxy-ethylcellulose, carboxymethyl-starch, hydroxy-propyl-starch; ether and polyvinyl pyrolidone.

12, A pigmented oil-in-waterltype resin. emulsion color. concentrate for dyeing and printing textiles comprising, calculated on the total Weight of the color concentrate, a pigment ranging in contentfro=m,about.4.5%. to about 40%, an emulsified binder resin-ranging in content from about 6% to about 20.5%, a protective colloidranging in content from about 1% to about 5.5%, and a combinedcontent of pigment dispersing and emulsifying agent totals ling from about 1.6% toabout 7.5%, and water, saidbinder resincomprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid ester: ofla polyhydric alcohol, said ester being a. pentaerythritol alkyd resin which contains (a) as polyhydric alcohol com! ponent, calculated on the total quantity of said polyhydric: alcohol, about 50% to about 100% of a pentaerythritol, (.b) an aromatic polybasic acidcomponent, and (c).a polyunsaturated fattyacid component, wherein the, latter; acid component (0) does not amount to more than 65% of said alkyd resin and the smallest quantity of said latter acid ,is present after esterification in an amoUHtO-flat least 5 0% of the total quantityofsaid alkyd resin, the aromatic polybasic acid component (I of thealkyd resin comprising primarily a compound selected fI'OI1'1".l'.hQ group consisting of phth-a lic acid and phthalic anhydride, in

by water, and wherein the color concentratecontains about 1% to about 40% ofpigmenudispersing ag ent culated on the content of the dry pigment, all percentages being based upon weight, wherein the emulsified binder resin also contains an aminoaldehyde resin, soluble in'an organic solvent amounting to at least 5% and no more than 100% calculated onthe amount of said alkyd resin present in the color concentrate, said emulsifying agent being selected from the class consisting of soaps of fatty acids, fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycols, quaternary ammonium salts, salts of long chain fatty amines, fatty alcohol sulfates, polyalkylene oxide condensation products, polymerized glycol esters, alkyl aryl polyether alcohols, alkyl aryl polyether sulfonates and salts of organic sulfonates,'said protective colloid being selected from the class consisting of casein, ammonium caseinate, methylcellulos'e, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, gum tragacanth, dextrin, starch, polyacrylates, water-soluble and alkali-soluble hydroxyethylcellulose, locust bean gum, water-soluble salts of the maleic adduct of styrene, alginates, albumene, soya protein, ethyl-hydroxyl-ethylcellulose, carboxymethyl-starch, hydroxy-propyl starch ether and polyvinyl pyrolidone.

' 13. A pigmented oil-in-water type resin emulsion color concentrate for dyeing and printing textiles comprising, calculated on the total weight of the color concentrate, a pigment ranging in content from about 4.5% to about 40%, an emulsified binder resin ranging in content from about'6% to about 20.5%, a protective colloid ranging in content from about 1% to about 5.5%, and a combined content of pigment dispersing and emulsifying agent totalling from about 1.6% to about 7.5%, and water, said binder resin comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid ester of a polyhydric alcohol, said ester being a pentaerythritol alkyd resin which contains (a) as polyhydric alcohol component, calculated on the total quantity of said polyhydric alcohol, about 50% to about 100% of a pentaerythritol, (b) an aromatic polybasic acid component, and (c) a polyunsaturated fatty acid component, wherein the latter acid component (c) does not amount to more than 65% of said alkyd resin and the smallest quantity of said latter acid is present after esterification in an amount of at least 5 of the total quantity of said alkyd resin, the aromatic polybasic acid component-(b) of the alkyd resincomprising primarily a compound selected from the group consisting of phthalic acid and phthalic anhydride, in which the pigment consists of a dispersed pigment deflocculated in water, the particles of which are surrounded by water, and wherein the color concentrate contains about 1% to about 40% of a fatty alcohol sulfate, wherein the emulsified binder resin also contains an aminoaldehyde resin, soluble in an organic solvent amounting to at least 5% and no more than 100% calculated on the amount of said alkyd resin present in the color concentrate, said emulsifying agent being selected from the class consisting of soaps of fatty acids,'fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycols, quaternary ammonium salts, salts of long chain fatty amines, fatty alcohol sulfates, polyalkylene oxide condensation products, polymerized glycol esters, alkyl aryl polyether alcohols, alkyl aryl polyether sulfonates and salts of organic sulfonates,said protective colloid being selected from the class consisting of casein, ammonium caseinate, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, gum tragacanth, dextrin, starch, polyacrylates, watersoluble and alkali-soluble hydroxyethylcellulose, locust bean gum, water-soluble salts of the maleic adduct of styrene, alginates, albumene, soya protein, ethyl-hydroxyainiwhenexposed .to it in a thin layer of a wet film thicknss brooms" to 0 .003",forming a coherent solid film immediatelyupon demulsification of the emulsion, said solid film formation being reached within a period'ranging from a couple of seconds to one hour, the solid polyhydric alcohol esters forming the dispersed phase of'the emulsion having an oxygen content which does not ex-' ceed theoxygen content of the unemulsified polyhydric alcohol esters by more than 2.8%, the vehicle solids dispersed phase content ranging from 10% to 70%,based on the total weight of water and vehicle solids constituents of the emulsion surface coating material, said emulsion surface coating material comprising further an emulsifying agent selected from the class consisting of soaps of fatty acids, fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycols,

quaternary ammonium salts, salts of long chain fattyamines, fatty alcohol, sulfates, polyalkylene oxidecondensation product's, polymerized. glycol esters, alkyl aryl:

polyether alcohols, alkyl aryl polyether sulfonates and salts of organic sulfonates in a proportion between about 0.2% and about 4.2% based on said oil-in-wateremuh" sion, and a protective colloid selected from the class consisting of casein, ammonium caseinate, methylcellulose,

sodium carboxymethylcellulose, gum tragacanth, dextrin,

starch, polyacrylates, water-soluble and alkali-soluble hydroxyethylcellulose, locust bean gum, water-soluble salts of the maleic adduct of styrene, alginates, albumene, soya protein, ethyl-hydroxy ethylcellulose, carboxymethylstarch, hydroxy-propyl-starch ether and polyvinyl pyrolidone, in a proportion between about 0.25% andsabout 7% based on said oil-in-water emulsion, said pentaerythri-.

from the group consisting of phthalic acid and phthalic. anhydride, wherein the emulsified binder resin also con-- tains an aminoaldehyde resin, soluble in an organic solvent amounting to at least 5% and no more than calculated on the amount of said alkyd resin present in the color concentrate. t

15. A pigmented oil-in-water type resin emulsion color concentrate for dyeing and printing" textiles comprising;

two components, the first of said components being a preformed aqueous emulsion of a polyunsaturated fatty acidv ester of a polyhydric alcohol which is a pentaerythritol alkydresin as a resin binder, an emulsifying agent selected from the class consisting of soapsof fatty acids, fatty acid.

esters of polyethylene glyco-ls, quaternary, ,ammonium salts, salts of long chain fatty amines, fatty alcohol sulfates, polyalkylene oxide condensation products, -po ly,'- merized glycol esters, alkyl aryl polyether alcohols, alkyl,

aryl polyether sulfonates and salts of organic sulfonates, and a protective colloid, selected from the class consisting of casein, ammonium caseinate, methylcellulose, sodium;

carboxymethylcellulose, gum tragacanth, dextrin, starch,

polyacrylates, water-soluble and alkali-soluble'hydroxyethylcellulose,'locust bean gum, water-solube salts of the maleic adduct of'styrene, alginates, albumene, soya pro-.

tein, ethyl-hydroxy-ethylcellulose, carboxymethyl-starch,

hydroxy-propybstarch; ether and polyvinyl pyrolidone,

s aid emulsifying agentlbeing present in a proportion between about 0. 2 and about 4.2% based on the weight of the pre -formed aqueous emulsionand the protective,

colloid being present in. ;a proportion between about I! f% Q 17% ba d h we o -t P1?- forrned iaqueous, emulsion, the second of said compo-; nents being an aqueous pigment dispersion containing a asmbs 9 gf ass onsist ng stfiph h lccyanin apig-l n;

ments, insoluble azo pigmenta vat pigments and carbon 25 blacks, said color concentrate being viscous and dilutable with clear extender print paste emulsions to form the desired strength of shade when used for textile printing, said color concentrate having, based on the total weight of said color concentrate, between about 4.5% and about 31% of said resin binder derived from said first component, and between about 7% and about 22% of said pigment derived from said second component, said pentaerythritol alkyd resin containing (a) as the polyhydric alcohol component 50 to 100% of a pentaerythritol, based on the total of said polyhydric alcohol, (b) an aromatic polybasic acid component, and (c) a polyunsaturated fatty acid component which latter component is not more than 65% of said alkyd resin, the minimum quantity of said fatty acid being such as to yield when esterified at least 50% of the total quantity of said alkyd resin, the aromatic polybasic acid component b) of the alkyd resin 26 comprising primarily a compound selected from the group consisting of phthalic acid and phthalic anhydride, wherein the emulsified binder resin also contains an aminoaldehyde resin, soluble in an organic solvent amounting to at least 5% and no more than 100% calculated on the amount of said alkyd resin present in the color concentrate.

References Cited in the file of this patent Auer Mar. 4, 1958 

1. A PIGMENTED OIL-IN-WATER TYPE RESIN EMULSION COLOR CONCENTRATE FOR DYEING AND PRINTING TEXTILES COMPRISING CALCULATED ON THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF THE COLOR CONCENTRATGE, A PIGMENT RANGING IN CONTENT FROM ABOUT 4.5% TO ABOUT 40%, AN EMULSIFIED BINDER RESIN RANGING IN CONTENT FROM ABOUT 6% TO ABOUT 20.5%, A PROTECTIVE COLLOID RANGING IN CONTENT FROM ABOUT 1% TO ABOUAT 5.5%, AND A COMBINED CONTENT OF PIGMENT DISPERSING AND EMULSIFYING AGENT TOTALLING FROM ABOUT 1.6% TO ABOUT 7.5%, AND WATER, SAID BINDER RESIN COMPRISING A POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID ESTER OF A POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOL, SAID ESTER BEING A PENTAERYTHRITOL ALKYD RESIN WHICH CONTAINS (A) AS POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOL COMPONENT, CALCULATED ON THE TOTAL QUANTITY OF SAID POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOL, ABOUT 50% TO ABOUT 100% OF A PENTAERYTHRITOL, (B) AN AROMATIC POLYBASIC ACID COMPONENT, AND (C) A POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID COMPONENT, WHEREIN THE LATTER ACID COMPONENT (C) DOES NOT AMOUNT TO MORE THAN 65% OF SAID ALKYD RESIN AND THE SMALLEST QUANTITY OF SAID LATTER ACID IS PRESENT AFTER ESTERIFICATION IN AN AMOUNT OF AT LEAST 50% OF THE TOTAL QUANTITY OF SAID ALKYD RESIN, THE AROMATIC POLYBASIC ACID COMPONENT (B) OF THE ALKYD RESIN COMPRISING PRIMARILY A COMPOUND SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF PHATHALIC ACID AND PHATLIC ANHYDRIDE, WHEREIN THE EMULSIFIED BINDER RESIN ALSO CONTAINS AN AMIONALDEHYDE RESIN, SOLUBLE IN AN ORGANIC SOLVENT AMOUNTING TO AT LEAST 5% AND NO MORE THAN 100% CALCULATED ON THE AMOUNT OF SAID ALKYD RESIN PRESENT IN THE COLOR CONCENTRATE, SAID EMULSIFYING AGENT BEING SELECTED FROM THE CLASS CONSISTING OF SOAPS OF FATTY ACIDS, FATTY ACID ESTERS OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS, QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS, SALTS OF LONG CHAIN FATTY AMINES, FATTY ALCOHOL SULFATES, POLYALKYLENE OXIDE CONDENSATION PRODUCTS, POLYMERIZED GLYCOL ESTERS, ALKYL ARYL POLYETHER ALCOHOLS, ALKYL ARYL POLYETHER SULFONATES AND SALTS OF ORGANIC SULFONATES, SAID PROTECTIVE COLLIOD BEING SELECTED FROM THE CLASS CONSISTING OF CASEIN, AMMONIUM CASEINATE, GUM TRAGACELLULOSE, SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE, GUM TRAGACANTH, DEXTRIN, STRACH, POLYACRYLATES, WATER-SOLUBLE AND ALKALI-SOLUBLE HYDROXYETHLECELLOSE, LOCUST BEAN GUM, WATER-SOLUBLE SALTS OF THE MALEIC ADDUCT OF STYRENE, ALGINATES, ALBUMENE, SOYA PROTEIN, ETHYL-HYDROXY-ETHYLCELLULOSE, CARBOXYMETHYL-STARCH, HYDROXY-PROPYL-STARCH ETHER AND POLYVINYL PYROLIDONE. 